Horus is the god with falcon's head, god of pharaohs and sky

Horus was a the Egyptian god of the Sky. He was the son of Isis and Osiris. After fighting his uncle Seth, he became the king of Egypt. During this fight, he lost his eye. The Eye of Horus became one of the most important symbols in ancient Egypt.
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The Eye of HORUS

The Eye of Horus was a powerful amulet. It was a sign of protection. It was also called the Wadjet Eye. The ancient Egyptians worshiped Horus partly because he had the Eye of Horus.

Worship

Horus was considered handsome and usually appeared as a falcon or a falcon headed man, although sometimes he appeared as a falcon headed crocodile. Sometimes he would take the form of a celestial falcon with his left eye the moon and his right eye the sun, his speckled breast feathers the stars, the down sweep of his wings creating the winds. He is sometimes shown with a copper knife. In addition, he normally wore the double crown to signify his rule over all of Egypt and to relate with the Pharaoh.

Gods and goddesses of Egypt

Gods and godesses of Egypt were often represented as animals or other forces of nature.Here you can find list of gods and goddesses of egypt and the shape in which they were represented centuries ago.The information shown below is drawn from areceological foundings in Ancient Egypt.You can click the particular deity you are interested in to read article on wikipedia about Gods and goddesses of Egypt.

Ra is the eagle god of the sun and,he has a falcon head.
Anubis is the god of mummification
Bast is the Cat goddess.
Sehkmet goddess of fire, war and plague
Serqet is the goddess of scorpions
Nut is the goddess of sky and stars, mother of gods.
Geb is the green god of Earth, and vegetation.
Horus is the god with falcon's head, god of pharaohs and sky.
Osiris is the god of the afterlife.
Isis is the goddess of magic and healing, wife of Osiris.
Seth is the god of deserts and evil.
Thoth is the scribe god and the god of forethought, writing, and wisdom.
Ma'at is the goddess of truth.
Amun is the god of Thebes, king of gods in New Kingdom.
Wadjet is the goddess of pregnancy and motherhood, goddess in snake form.
Anuket is the goddess of river Nile.
Hathor is the goddess of the moon and children.
Ptah is the creator god
Bes is the dwarf god of safe journey
Sobek is the god of crocodiles.
Aten is the "king" of the gods

Ancient Egyptian religion

Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of beliefs and rituals which were an integral part of ancient Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with a multitude of deities who were believed to be present in, and in control of, the forces and elements of nature. The myths about these gods were meant to explain the origins and behavior of the forces they represented, and the practices of Egyptian religion were efforts to provide for the gods and gain their favor.

Formal religious practice centered on the pharaoh, the king of Egypt. Although he was a human, the pharaoh was believed to be descended from the gods. He acted as the intermediary between his people and the gods, and was obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could maintain order in the universe. Therefore, the state dedicated enormous resources to the performance of these rituals and to the construction of the temples where they were carried out. Individuals could also interact with the gods for their own purposes, appealing for their help through prayer or compelling them to act through magic. These popular religious practices were distinct from, but closely linked with, the formal rituals and institutions. The popular religious tradition grew more prominent in the course of Egyptian history as the status of the pharaoh declined. Another important aspect of the religion was the belief in the afterlife and funerary practices. The Egyptians made great efforts to ensure the survival of their souls after death, providing tombs, grave goods, and offerings to preserve the bodies and spirits of the deceased.

The religion had its roots in Egypt's prehistory, and lasted for more than 3,000 years. The details of religious belief changed over time as the importance of particular gods rose and declined, and their intricate relationships shifted. At various times certain gods became preeminent over the others, including the sun god Ra, the creator god Amun, and the mother goddess Isis. For a brief period, in the aberrant theology promulgated by the pharaoh Akhenaten, a single god, the Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon. Yet the overall system endured, even through several periods of foreign rule, until the coming of Christianity in the early centuries AD. It left behind numerous religious writings and monuments, along with significant influences on cultures both ancient and modern.

Noria hama

نواعير حماه

A noria (Arabic: ناعورة‎, nā‘ūra, from Syriac: ܢܥܘܪܐ, nā‘urā) is a machine for lifting water into a small aqueduct, either for the purpose of irrigation or, in at least one known instance, to feed seawater into a saltern.

There are three types of noria. The most common examples consist of a vertical wheel which is slung with a chain of buckets. The buckets hang down into a well which may be up to 8 m (26 ft) deep. The most primitive norias of this type are driven by donkeys, mules, or oxen. The animal turns another wheel, which is engaged with the noria and so causes it to turn. This causes the buckets to circulate.

A second type of noria uses the same system, of a necklace of clay or wooden buckets, but it is driven by the wind. The wind driven norias in the vicinity of Cartagena, Spain, are virtually identical in appearance with the local grinding mills.

The third type of noria uses the energy derived from the flow of a river. It consists of a large, very narrow undershot waterwheel whose rim is made up of a series of containers which lift water from the river to a very small aqueduct at the top of the wheel. Unlike the water wheels found in mills, a noria does not provide mechanical power to any other process. Its concept is similar to the modern hydraulic ram, which also uses the power of flowing water to pump some of the water out of the river.[1]

A few norias were hybrids, consisting of an animal-driven waterwheel.

A noria can raise water to somewhat less than its full height. The largest noria in the world, with a diameter of about 20 meters, is located in the Syrian city of Hama.

It performs a similar function to chain pumps (including the saqiya), and other pumps, that of moving water from a lower elevation to that of a higher elevation, but these are generally powered by other means, not by a waterwheel).
Sound of a noria
صوت الناعورة
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Hama-sound_of_noria.ogg

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It was part of a larger complex of civilizations, the Nile Valley Civilizations, of which regions south of Egypt (in today's Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, and Ethiopia) are a part. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia.[2] Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period. The rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when Egypt fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province.[3]

The success of ancient Egyptian civilization stemmed partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.[4][5]

The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships,[6] Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty.[7] Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travellers and writers for centuries. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy, for Egypt and the world.[8]

Sehkmet is the goddess of fire and war.

In Egyptian mythology, Sekhmet was the goddess of fire and war. She had the head of a lioness and the body of a woman. In her former life, she was Hathor. She was married to Ptah, the god of healing. They balanced each other. It was believed that her breath created the desert.

Physical Appearance

Sekhmet had the head of a lioness, and a body of a woman. She was usually depicted with a sun disc on top of her head. Many historians argue if she was from Sudan, since lions were plentiful there. When she was seated, she usually held the ahnk of life, but when she was standing, she held a papyrus scepter, the symbol of Lower Egypt.

Power

 

 

Bast was the ancient Egyptian goddess

Bast was the ancient Egyptian goddess of protection and cats. She was the daughter of Ra, the sun god. As protectress, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, and consequently of the chief god, Ra.

Bast's real name is Bastet, Ubasti, and Pasht. She was worshipped at least since the Second Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. The centre of her cult was in Per-Bast (Bubastis in Greek), which was named after her. Originally she was seen as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt, and therefore her image was a fierce lion. Her name means (female) devourer. She was originally a goddess of the sun, but later changed by the Greeks to a goddess of the moon. In Greek mythology, Bast is also known as Aelurus.

In later times Bast became the goddess of perfumes and had the title perfumed protector. In connection with this, when Anubis became the god of embalming, Bast, as goddess of ointment, and she was regarded as his mother, until Anubis became Nephthys' son.

This gentler characteristic, of Bast as goddess of perfumes, and Lower Egypt's loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt meant that in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt she was seen as a domestic cat and not any more as a lionness. Because domestic cats tend to be tender and protective toward their offspring, Bast was also regarded as a good mother, and she was sometimes shown with kittens. Therefore a woman who wanted children sometimes wore an amulet showing the goddess with kittens, the number of which showed how many children she wanted to have.

Worship

Bastet was the most honored feline deity in Ancient Egypt. The cult of Bastet started around the town of Bubastis, located in the Eastern Delta in Lower Egypt (around 3,200 B.C.), and was an important town from the Old Kingdom through the Late Period. During early Egyptian times the city was called Per-Bast which translates into “the domain of Bast”. Later the city was called Bubastis. Today it is called Tell Basta. Other cities where Bastet was worshipped were for example: Memphis (during the Old Kingdom) where she was associated with Sekhmet, Heliopolis (during the Old Kingdom) where she was called the “Daughter of Tem” (connected to Tefnut), in a city called “Hill of Bast”, in the precinct of Mut in Thebes (during New Kingsom) when connected to Mut, and in the city of Nit (during late period). Festivals celebrating Bastet were held in the cities of Bubastis, Memphis (Luxor), Thebes and Esna. Elaborate festivals of Bastet were called: “Procession of Bastet”, “Bastet protects the two lands”, “Bastet goes forth from Per-Bast” (her city), “Bastet appears before Ra” and the “Festival of Hathor and Bastet”. Her main festivals were celebrated in April and May in Bubastis. Her festivals were some of the most popular in Egypt, because of all the music, dancing and wine. Over 700,000 people came from all over Egypt, often in boats, sailing along the Nile. Men and women sailed together. During their journey they would sing, clap their hands, the women would shake their rattles, the men would play their flutes. Each time when they sailed past people or towns along the Nile, everybody would start singing, cheering and clapping together. In Bubastis the festival began by making sacrifices to Bastet. The Temple of Bast stood in the town center, so one could see it from everywhere. It stood on raised ground. The outside wall of the temple was decorated with pictures of animals. Inside the temple was a courtyard, planted with a grove of trees. Inside the group of trees stood her shrine. Worshippers came from all over Egypt, leaving offerings, bronze statues, amulets and mummified cats in her temple. Thousands of those cats were later found in underground crypts where her temple once stood. During the days of celebration, the Egyptians spent many days making music, dancing and being joyful. Worshippers went to her temple playing instruments, beating drums, shaking tambourines, carrying sistras (sacred rattles), singing and dancing through the streets. “One aspect of the festival, however, was quite moving, and came on the last night. In a town of silence, a town of darkness, a single light would be lit inside the Temple of Bast. And from there the light would spread through the town, carried by devotees; and prayers would rise into the night, accompanied by music and incense.” Bastet, the goddess of cats, was important. She had temples where she was worshiped. The Egyptians people would give sacrifices to her like spice,water,wine milk,bread and meat. She also would be given gold, diamonds, silver, perfumes and other riches. The people of Egypt would also dance and sing to her because she was also the goddess of dancing and singing. They also feasted in her temple to show that she was important

Powers, Jobs, and Roles

Bastet had many different powers and roles. As the goddess of plenty, pleasure, music and dance was sometimes linked with Hathor. Bastet was also the protector of motherhood, fertility, hearth, protector of pregnant women, their newborn infants and children. The Egyptians believed that she could protect men from diseases and demons. If a woman was infertile, she might make an offering to Bastet, hoping that she would have a child. Like Hathor and Sekhmet, she was called “Mother of the Sun God”. She was seen as the personification of the “Warming rays of the sun on the Nile”. Ancient Egyptians also believed she possessed Utchat, the divine, all-seeing Eye of Ra. Later when Bubastis became the seat of the Egyptian Pharaohs, she was honored as one of the Mothers of Egyptian Kings. As the Eye of Ra, she was a god who functioned as a protector or avenger to the pharaoh, destroying the king’s enemies. As the Eye of Ra, Bastet possessed the grace, charm, patience and wile of a domestic cat, as well as the power for the raw, brute strength of a lion. She could also be full of strength, speed and cruelty. By the end of the New Kingdom (1550-1069 B.C.) she became popular and beloved household goddess. She was the protectress of households of all of Lower Egypt. She protected both the poor peasants and the rich nobility

Physical Appearance

Bastet was often seen holding a sistrum (a sacred rattle to ward of evil spirits) in one hand, and an aegis in the other hand. An aegis was a talisman necklace. Sometimes she held the Ankh, the symbol of life. On other statues she sometimes wore a ritual menat necklace. A menat necklace was made of two rows of colorful beads on one side and had a menat (a counterweight) at the other end. Bastet was often shown holding a was scepter. It consisted of a straight shaft with its handle in the shape of a canine head, and the base ending in two prongs. It was a symbol of power, held both by deities and kings. Sometimes she was shown with a litter of kittens at her feet in pictures and statues, because she was also the goddess of fertility and the protectress of motherhood. During the Old Kingdom (2686 B.C.- 2181 B.C.), Bastet was usually seen as a woman with the maneless head of a lioness, which was related to Sekhmet, even though they were not the same. During that time one could still find a lot of wildcats and lions in Lower and Upper Egypt. During Ancient Egypt’s Middle Kingdom (2080 B.C. – 1640 B.C.), Bastet started to be represented as a cat. That was also when cats became domesticated and became beloved pets in Egyptian homes. Cats were valued as good mousers, able to kill rats, snakes and other vermin that might endanger the family or the crops that were stored in storage houses. By that time lions had already completely migrated from Upper Egypt out of Egypt. During the New Kingdom (1550 B.C. – 1069 B.C.) , Bastet was mostly seen as a cat-headed woman, wearing a long, sleek, narrow dress. During this Late Period, when Bubastis was capital of Egypt, Bastet was also often shown as wearing the double crown, or pschent, suckling the pharaoh. The double crown symbolized the king’s rule of both Upper and Lower Egypt, that is, he ruled the Two Lands as one

Family/Friends

Bastet’s father was Ra, the God of the Sun and All Creation. She had two sons named, Konshu, the God of the Moon, and Maahes, a lion-headed God of War. Bastet did not have a mother because Ra, as creator deity, was called “The Great He-She”. Her husband was Ptah, the god of God of Craftsmen, Rebirth and Creation. When associated with Isis, she could be called the “Soul of Isis”. Some texts referred to Bastet and Sekhmet as being linked in a relationship as “Twins”, “Balance of Good (Bastet) and Evil (Sekhmet)”, “Sister-Sister”, “Mother-Daughter”, “Aunt-Niece” or “Big Bad Lioness-Nice Kitty”. Neither are correct, because they are not really related like family. What is true is that Sekhmet, Bastet and dozens of other goddesses were considered to be an “Eye-of-Ra”. Bastet and Sekhmet were paired, but not as opposite personalities of Bastet. They were paired geographically. The main place of Bastet’s worship was in Lower Egypt, while Sekhmet was worshipped in Upper Egypt. They traditionally called Bastet a “She of the North” and Sekhmet a “She of the South”. Sometimes they were also called “Lady of the East” ( Bastet as Protectress of the Eastern Delta ) and “Lady of the West” ( Sekhmet as Protectress of the Western Delta ). It is true that Bastet had parts of Sekhmet in her personality, but I will explain this later in a different paragraph.

Anubis Anubis's Purpose

 Anubis is the Greek name for the ancient god in Egyptian mythology who looks like a man with the head of a jackal. Jackals are predators that look like dogs and live in Africa.
People did not like jackals in ancient Egypt, because the animals messed up graves. The Egyptian people wanted to end this by deifying them.[needs proof] Deifying means in this case, that they created a god that was a jackal as well. Therefore, the god of the dead Anubis looked like a dog or jackal. Anubis was the god of the dead because the jackals were often in graveyards at night. This made the people think that the jackals protected the dead people in the graves. The priests who mummified the dead kings (these kings are called pharaohs) were also dressed up as jackals. Now that the jackal had become a holy animal, dogs and jackals were kept as pets in the temples. After their death, they were mummified and placed in the temples. Anubis was the protector of the mummies against the challenges in the netherworld. After a while Anubis became solely the god of mummification because he invented mummification by using it to preserve Osiris. Because Osiris was the first mummy and the first to go to the netherworld, he became king of it. The Egyptian people believed that Anubis helped with the ceremony that was performed with people once they arrived in the netherworld. In this ceremony, the heart of the dead was weighed against the feather of truth to see if the deceased had been a good person in life. If they had been a bad person in life, then they would go to a place where there would be food floating above their heads, just out of reach. If they ever got close to reaching it, then demons would dig holes at their feet that they would fall into, so that they could never get their hands on the food.

Ancient Gods

This Blog is created for every one who wants to know little about ancient Gods And Goddesses and all interesting history parts where they had their fingers in.There are many myths about gods and people over centuries,that I will post here so if you love myths,gods and goddesses keep following this blog and you will learn everything about ancient history and Gods and Goddesses that ruled the earth over centuries.I will post how tribes and nations worshiped their gods and how did they sacrificed animals and other people to keep their gods satisfied.Interesting thing is that many tribes and nations worshiped same Gods and Goddesses,only each of them where named differently in each culture.This blog will cover nations and tribes that were Polytheistic and had believed in multiple Gods and Goddesses.In mythology there is belief that specific Gods and Goddesses had specific supernatural powers.Gods and Goddesses in mythology were immortal.Trough history half-gods are were mentioned,they were in many cases children of Gods and Goddesses and humans,some of them were immortal as well.In history they were represented as creatures or as superheroes with supernatural powers

Ancient egyptian gods

Ancient egyptian gods and goddesses worshiping is dating in ancient times of pre-dynastic Egypt.Tribes that later formed Egypt that we know today gave each of their ancient egyptian gods an animal shape.Following the timeline,animal shape of ancient egyptian gods and godesses is taking human form so gods like Anubis(left picture) shows this trasition best because of his half-human form.Some ancient egyptian gods were born from the myths or stories,this myths came from natural disasters that happend in Egypt so Egyptian people needed an explanation for what was happening,the conclusion was that they made gods angy with their sins so Gods are returning it to them by flooding or by some other disaster.People of Egypt had strong belif in afterlife,often they buried family members with tools,jewlery,food,drink,weapons and other things that the dead could use in their afterlife.Some artifacts were found as proof of that but most were stolen by tomb thiefs later.Ancient egyptian gods and godesses were probably mostly worshiped because of people's fear about gods rage and natural disasters.

Minoan period - Antique Greece

inoan period - Antique Greece

Crete and the so-called "Minoan period" are the starting point for the area from which they were derived (although quite different in content) polis, or city of citizens. This form,which  first created urban settlement of big format, should be put in touch with the other also a new phenomenon, namely a form of political power that was in the hands of just one man, Minoja despot, at once historical and mythical character who ruled Crete.
Both of these phenomena took the island from one civilization to another, from a civilization villages and marketplaces in the civilization of the palaces, symbol of the political, religious and economic power.This period, whose development phase flow with almost no transition can be interpreted only by influence of Egypt and Babylon dynastys.Teritorial expansion of Egypt on Asia and Babylon breakthrough in the Mediterranean area of Crete have enabled the sailors, merchants and travelers, not just to learn new techniques, but primarily to expand their use to the Cretan civilization as a whole.In Egypt, 2000. years before Christ already existed real palaces, the art of jewelry making, painting and the letter system.We can't precisly speak of a direct connection between Egypt and Crete, but the Phoenicians who have passed here have provided ample opportunity for contacts that were closer to the civilization of Crete need of improvement . It is most likely civilization was born in the east of Crete in middle minoan period. The palace in Malia was probably the first who ruled over the hitherto independent towns in the east and Malia made a kind of provincial capital. It appears that the Festus and Knossos, located in the center and south of the island, developed only later. At the beginning of the second millennium BC in these cities was a strong central government. Minoj ruler who relied on a strong bureaucratic apparatus has held important administrative function and had control over the metalworking and transport. The expression of that power was the construction of large palace, around which were formed urban settlements.

The cities and palaces

Homer numbered hundreds of Cretan cities. Undoubtedly, in this issue was also some market towns, Crete is a city symbolic embodiment of the new world that is both dedicated to the gods and despots. This applies particularly to Knos. Mosaic found under the ruins of his allows us insight into the draft of a fortified town with a multi-story houses lined side by side. Plan of the city is just as complex as the layout of the Cretan palace so it can establish clear-cut plan matches the city and palace. At the same time as the match occurs, a new form: the labyrinth. Labyrinth is definitely a myth that derives from the shape of the old Cretan cities of which are now remaining only a very vague signs and sketches - but we assume that the maze depicted in a symbolic manner and the scenic Cretan tradition of transport networks through the earth and sea.

The City Palace, the palace that developed the town. We can fully admire the Knosu, unique city, the monument construction in Knosu Palace, residence of the ruler Minoja, the largest and also most famous buildings in Crete. Thanks to the research many individual components were found that have enabled the reconstruction of the upper floors. The current layout of the palace makes visible and understandable only the last period of its use, ie the peak of the Minoan culture from 1600th to 1400th BC.

Palces in Knossos,Festus and Malia

From the first Cretan palaces in Knossos and Festus there are ony few ruins left of the palace built under the later, while palace in Malia,  that was built later, preserved the simple lines of the earlier period. Moreover in the Knossos and Festus there were princely palaces and great cities: Hagia Triada in plain Mesara and Kanji. We can say with certainty that this settlement is the first major example of the actual architectural art, and not just an ordinary building techniques.

If we look at first the ruins in Malia which are characteristic of the first palaces of Crete, ie which is generally called "middle-minoan period". Fortification wall was built of finely carved stone blocks and showing your progress sags and bulges,which can still be seen primarily in the western part of the wall. From medieval courtyard, surrounded by colonnades on two sides, of which one enters the different chambers that are spread in a square. In Malia from the early period  we can see the occurrence of structures with floors, especially over the western part of the palace, which were available via the large staircase in the middle courtyard, this is part of the palace that has certainly been changed in the future. The eastern part consists only of a simple single-storey warehouse, located between the courtyard and fence walls, that was made for bowls with the food supply. Hall which borders in the north with yard testifies the way of construction of the Egyptian influence on Crete. This hipostil (ie ceiling support columns) is here, though, made very clumsy, but this technique is later found in many shapes in Knossos.

Royal necropolis Krisolak has also discovered in Malia. Fence surrounding the palace, quite similar to the ones that surround huge tombs that show the same way of building as houses. Walls everywhere are made of lower quality building materials, but are always decorated with stucco. These architectural Gazette excavated in Malia showed that there were knowledge of metalworking already in middleminoan period. In workshop of bronze in the palace in Malia were found mold in which they poured various tools such as a two-edged axes, chisels and the similiar tools. In jewelry-making after that period is also noticeable improvement in the processing of metals. Some other pieces of jewelry have been spared from the devastation of the necropolis Krisolak. The stylized forms found indicates that people were more worried about the jewelry, but for the faithful representation. This proves that the Cretans knew very refined and very expressive and even the Syrian and Egyptian art of jewelry making. This love is characterized by the formation of the ceramics of the period. In Malia,there are generally a relatively simple geometric motifs and stylized plants and flowers in only three colors: red, white and black. It is a ceramic art of early minoan period that gave more primitive character.

If we cross to the study of so-called younger palace on Crete. ie, middle, or late minoan period that will take advances in ceramic technology. Villages in the vicinity of large palaces, especially in Knossos, show widespread use of fine ceramics. During the development of the highest authorities in the palaces it reaches a very high technical level: vases are becoming thinner and finally achieve the thickness of eggshell. The fact that the colors are preserved for millennia testifies to its full splendor of the high quality of materials used. Thus, an advanced technique leads to a large market and a high degree of specialization of artistic craftsmanship, in short to civilization at its peak. The transition from the old culture to newer corresponding to the development of the palace and the most important changes that were implemented continuously.

Crete by the end of the mycenae period - Antique Greece

Crete is a Mediterranean island located southeast of the Peloponnese, and which sides act as the cut-off. They are dominated by three mountain ranges: Dhikti mountains to the east, which is not suitable for farming and its inhabitants live mainly from fishing, Idhi massif in the center of Levk on the west of the island. The only wider plain is Mesara in the south, the others likethat in Knos are very small. Moderately fertile soil of these plains were ideal for growing wheat, grapes and olives, while the mountainous land, partly covered with pine forest and cypress, were more suitable as a pasture for livestock or to obtain wood. Although the soil of Crete quality was not better than the other Aegean islands, is geographically accommodation helped to Crete soon occupy a privileged position. The island, situated halfway between Greece and Africa so that seafarers could easily came from their ports to the Nile delta, and also to Asia and the West, soon will be dedicated to commercial sailing. Cretans could easly sail along the Libyan coast or Cyprus which had rich metallic ores and even sail to the Syrian coast. Between the 1600th and 1400th BC Cretan fleet built of wood from their forests, was known all over the Aegean Sea and the island was an important force in the east and an ideal center for technical and economic ties that have emerged from the discovery of processing metal.

Peculiarity of Crete consists from the fact that it is first island in the Aegean that had civilization,and later it was centar of art yet unprecedented in any substantive technical or the spiritual and aesthetic areas. There will pre-helen art and civilization soon developed better than anywhere else.Geographical  importance factor in this part was understandeble, but it doesn't tell you the ethnological factor,which due to decoding of pre-helen language,makes it much harder to understand. It is even likely that the Aegean world very early on made a Mediterranean or Asian language, and especially the national community that was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, but whose lines of ethnic and language match certain tribes and languages of Asia Minor.